DEWD training workshop

On 6 October, a DEWD training workshop on creating seasonal hydrological forecasts was held in Polokwane. Twelve participants attended from both province and district levels. This included LDA research unit officers, LDA disaster unit officers, LDA district representatives, LDA local extension agents and a University of Limpopo researcher. The aim of the workshop was to provide hands-on training in producing forecasts for the Luvuvhu and Letaba basins, which includes the DEWD pilot communities of Ha Lambani and Mokwakwaila.

Hepex workshop, Norrköping, 2015

Today, Lotta Andersson, presented some of the conclusions from the DEWD project during the HEPEX 2015 Workshop in Norrköping, Sweden. The workshop is held at the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI). There are approximately 55 attendees from 16 countries. See more at

• Workshop home page

Also Micha Werner presents some of the results from the DEWFORA project. The conclusions from their project were similar to ours.

HEPEX workshop at SMHI, Norrköping

Tomorrow, Prof. Lotta Andersson, the manager of the DEWD, will present an overview of the project in Norrköping, Sweden.
Stay tuned for comments from the workshop and some pictures.
Read more at

• HEPEX seasonal hydrological forecasting workshop

Letaba municipality extension workshop - 9th June 2015 at Tzaneen County Lodge

A local municipality extension workshop with participation of 31 extension officers from the Letaba municipality, as well as participants from the DEWD team from LDA and Linköping University/SMHI was held at Tzaneen country lodge 9th of June 2015.   Results from the DEWD project were presented, and discussions were held. Among other things, the discussions revealed that only a few extension officers received seasonal forecasts. There was an agreement on that short summaries with interpreted information is most useful. More workshops on interpretation of data and maps were required.  Continuous engagement capacity building including god examples from champion farmers with demonstrations and trials was recommended in order to make farmers take action based on forecasts. Although younger take advice quicker and have better literacy level they were seen to be difficult to engage and few continue with farming.   The need to speed up systems and reduce bureaucracy problem was identified.  Plans are there, but take long to implement.  More bottom-up dialogues were requested.  Before decide on policy must approach people on the ground level.  

Extension services workshop: Khoroni Hotel, Thohoyandou, 8th June 2015

A workshop with participation of 45 extension service officers, as well as participants from the DEWD team from LDA and Linköping University/SMHII was held at Khoroni Hotel, Thohoyando 8th of June 2015.     Evaluation of the results from the seasonal forecasts of local rainfall soil moisture and river flow, signs in nature and the sensors - was the information provided accurate and useful and well communicated in a way that could increase community resilience and experiences from work in the Lambani community were presented.  The participants were then divided in three groups to discuss the access to and experiences of how to assist farmers with advice to cope with the foreseen (from forecasts) climatic conditions. It was concluded from the discussions that seasonal forecasts very seldom reached the extension service officers. Other identified challenges included the fact that assistance to farmers was reactive rather than proactive. This was seen as creating a dependency syndrome where many wait for the grant instead of doing on their own activities. It was also mentioned that the possibilities to communicate and bring information to the district level was limited to occasions when it was required from the provincial level through a long chain of levels.  More training and improved communication channels between local to provincial levels were requested. 

Visits to Morwatshela High School and Ranndogwana Secondary School

Some of the sensors were situated at schools. In June 2015 we visited Morwatshela High School in Mokwakwaila and Ranndogwana Secondary School in Lambani.

Lectures were held with the aim to inform about how the sensors worked and how information was used.  Also some general information about Sweden and the DEWD project was given.

The students paid interest in our presentations and also did perform hands-on exercises were we measured the soil and discussed the conclusions from that. The students helped us read out data from the sensors and we could look at the graphs to see how the seasons were.  

Lambani community workshop, June 5, 2015

We have summarized the main discussions and conclusions after discussions with farmers about their activities and potential usefulness of the local early warning systems for the 2014-2015 growing season.

We warmly thank all participants for their time and valuable input, both farmers and LDA staff.

In total, 39 farmers participated in the discussions and workshop exercises.

The farmers said that it was useful to get the local early warning forecasts in Sept-Oct 2014. Because they heard it would be dry some planted in rows to save water. Others sold their cattle. Others said they can use the information to plan soil preparation and known which types of seeds to use. Since they heard that the coming summer season would not be that good for rainfall, they planted at first rain. They also considered using drought-resistant seeds, which they do not use in good rainfall years. In spite believing the year would be wet, they anyway planted on the entire area available to them, They planted maize, groundnuts and vegetables (cowpeas, spinach and tomatoes) to see what plants would make it. Other farmers said they did not take the forecast into account but just ploughed and planted as they always do.

Some farmers said that he signs in nature had also indicated to them that it would be a dry year. The moon was not covered with thin cloud during the night and the clouds during the day were not chased away by wind, both indicating a dry season. Others said they saw fruits on the mountain with a normal amount of fruits, not extra and swallows were flying about but not in large number. These signs indicated a normal rainfall year.

For these reasons, they are happy to get the forecast information. Some also said that the signs in nature are not always correct or show conflicting information (as indicated above).

Activities performed in 2014-2015

25/39 planted drought-resistant maize

2/12 reduced their herds

3/14 bought supplementary livestock fodder

0/11 stored water for livestock

28/28 stored water for household use

29/29 mulched

15/15 have indigenous cattle (of those with cattle)

7/329 ploughed early (Many planted in early Dec after a good rain) .

2/11 bought medicine for their goats in case of illness.

19/19 prepared for crop disease outbreaks

Timeline 2014-2015

Feb: Some sold their cattle already seeing signs that indicated dry conditions to come.

Aug-Sept: Waiting for rain.

Oct-Nov: Water is around but grasslands are exhausted. Cattle are getting thin. Rainfall came late. Farmers started planting from Oct until Feb.

Nov: Some ploughed in this month and planted maize and groundnuts.

Dec: Experienced first rain and they ploughed and planted in the first week.  The grazing improved a little bit after some rain. Some planted maize now due to late rains.

Jan: Grazing available, but little rain. Between Jan-May they took even their household water from the river, not from wells because of municipality water restrictions. Many realized now that it would be a very dry year.

Feb-Mar: Calves were dying of a previously unknown illness directly after birth. One had chickens that got sick at this time, but after buying medicine they recovered. Many gave up hope that there would be anything to harvest. From Mar-June they planted gardens but there was no water to irrigate. Some had problems with pests but were not able to afford pesticides.

Apr-May: Yields ranged from  1-3 bags of maize (80kg bags). At this point, they have very little reserve maize from the previous (wetter) year. Savings from last year helped a lot but if they get another bad year next year it will be very bad.

The activities that farmers pointed out as giving most benefit according to the effort required in terms of time and money were: using drought-tolerant seeds and ploughing with tractors. Few tractors are however available. Water harvesting and mulching are free of costs but both a lot of work.

Mokwakwaila community workshop, June 4, 2015

Below is a summary of the discussions and outcomes from the workshop. We appreciate the participation of all those that were present, both farmers and LDA staff!

All the farmers said that it was helpful to get the seasonal forecast information last year in Sept-Oct 2014. Many still ploughed even though the forecast said a dry year. They wanted to try their luck and hope for the best. With the information though they could better prepare for example by collecting maize stocks to feed their animals and some sold or culled unproductive animals. Some used drums to collect rainwater for irrigation of their gardens. However the rain events were few and the little they saved had to used for drinking water not irrigation. Some farmers used kraal manure to improve water holding capacity of the soil in their vegetable gardens. This was not specifically done because it was dry but rather it is for a long-term improvement of the soil. Some said that by the signs in nature they already knew early that it would be a dry year. They however also like to get the seasonal forecast information to confirm this information.

Activities performed during 2014-2015

14/33 planted drought resistant seeds

6/9 reduced herd

0/24 bought fodder (because of a communication problem about the subsidized fodder)

0/9 stored water for watering livestock

20/24 stored water for household use or vegetable gardens

26/33 mulched

2/9 have changed to indigenous cattle

29/33 ploughed early

9 /9 prepared for disease outbreaks in cattle

0/0 prepared for disease outbreaks in their crops

Timeline 2014-2015

Aug/Sept: We started worrying about the livestock. We had medicine already, we bought in June.

Oct: Some sold their animals. The body condition was already poor. The price was low. Some planted cowpeas. Some ploughed and planted maize.

Nov: We experienced the first rain and many ploughed. The grazing improved a little bit after some rain. But later in the month it was dry again.

Dec: Some planted groundnuts. Sometimes there was a shortage of drinking water. There were problems of wilting plants in the gardens because of dry periods. Most could not harvest anything.

Jan: Many realized it would be an exceptionally dry year. Those with livestock had no extra fodder. We took our cattle to faraway places, which was a strain for the cattle to walk up to 5 kms. Those with home gardens did not harvest fled crops (cowpea, maize, pumpkin) for seed to be used the following season and did not dry crop leaves for winter relish due to dry spells.

Feb-March: Many gave up hope that there would be any harvest. Most cattle died of lumpy skin disease. They died before we vaccinated them. Because we knew it was going to be dry, we did not vaccinate and the animals died. The small tributary close the community that they use for watering their livestock dried completely. Some that saved maize from last year’s good harvest had used up their reserve by February while some still had left in June. Some could not preserve enough through drying because there was not enough sun.

February-May

Some farmers planted spinach and mustard but did not harvest due to limited access of irrigation water. Most crops failed. Farmers got 0 to 25 kgs of maize after harvesting.

The activities that farmers pointed out as giving most benefit according to the effort required in terms of time and money were: using drought-tolerant seeds and ploughing with tractors. There can though be much stress waiting in queue for the tractors to be available. Water harvesting and mulching are both a lot of work.

Field Day in Mokwakwaila June 3rd, back to back with the regional workshop held in Polokwane, June 3rd

Below is a summary of discussions with two representations of the local community at Mokwakwaila Service Centre.

Signs of nature (Indigenous Knowledge)

When there is a wet season the farmers see more fruits and flowers. That is the sign for rain.

"It sometimes rains, but along the way it stops. It does not rain all the time."

When swallows arrive, they indicate that it is just about to rain. The occurrence of more flowers is a long-term sign (indicating good rains in the coming season)

How do you see that is a drought?

The moon

During the rainy season if the moon is covered by a misty cloud (on the outside), like a corona, or ring, around the moon, they know that rain is coming. This is a long term sign for the next six months or so - for the whole season.

The rain

If there is a function at home and people are enjoying themselves and they see that rain is coming, they can stop the rain by putting the plate on the back.

Planting date

When someone plants groundnuts before the right time, then the rains will stop. There are taboos such as this that need to be researched.

Management activities

When it is a wet year, the farmers will make contours to help drain the land.

When it is dry year, when they see that the rain will be less than normal, they will mulch so that the rain is kep in the soil and evaporation is prevented. This year, they tried to do many such activities, but when there is no rain, nothing helps.

The farmers often sit together and share their experiences and ideas and plans for how to handle whatever situation that may come.